artificial lighting strategies

0000004245 00000 n Analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05) were used to test the differences between the photoperiods. At the same time, equal volumes of cell suspension were withdrawn from the bioreactor. Florescent light no. 0000143503 00000 n This is associated with the photolimitation condition that occurs when there is insufficient light to maintain metabolism [21]. Artificial lighting strategies in photobioreactors for bioenergy production by Scenedesmus obliquus CPCC05. 0000021659 00000 n In this regard, this work aimed to identify artificial lighting strategies that balance kinetic performance, energy cost and environmental impact for microalgal biodiesel production in photobioreactors. Thus, the best lipid producer has to combine biomass productivity and lipid content [2]. Bioresour Technol 203:357–363, Jacob-Lopes E, Scoparo CHG, Lacerda LMCF, Franco TT (2009) Effect of light cycles (night/day) on CO2 fixation and biomass production by microalgae in photobioreactors. The highest value (62.3%) was found in the photoperiod of 12:12 h, and the lower (41.2) was at a frequency photoperiod of 24 t/d. However, most of the industrial processes in operation do not attend these requirements, boosting their optimization to achieve these parameters. As shown in Fig. x�b```b`�y��&� Ā B�@Q�F ��6 ��T��$�e�:x��ȊL�\�6mʄnn�I�Kg/��>�F��o��es�[�.�˞%Ÿ�}�Yf&!i ��;�ڦtO�6}��쥽��p�/nm/ZP8wV~ޜe��{�fְ�0��͓e�j�b��8{�R��s� 0000140096 00000 n Renew Energy 139:976–987, ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials (2002) ASTM 6751 - standard specification for biodiesel fuel (B100) blend stock for distillate fuels. This effort has evolved, along with the development of new energy efficient lighting equipment, the utilization of improved lighting design techniques and the improvement of lighting control systems. 0000008218 00000 n 1a) [23, 24]. Nat Sci Rep 5:14936–14946, Article Natural lighting, also known as daylighting, is a technique that efficiently brings natural light into your home using exterior glazing (windows, skylights, etc. The first PCA was performed to examine the relationship between the feedstock production parameters. Table 3 shows the fatty acid (FA) composition of the oil extracts from the sixteen light/dark cycle evaluated here. 0000139631 00000 n Natural Lighting Strategies: As the parameters NER and NEB are mainly based on biomass productivity, they were clustered together on the top left-hand of the plot. And doing this affects the final image more than anything. Part of Springer Nature. 0000040110 00000 n Algal Res 8:192–204, Zhou Q, Zhang P, Zhan G, Peng M (2015) Biomass and pigments production in photosynthetic bacteria wastewater treatment: effects of photoperiod. The international standards requires a minimum CN of 45 (ANP 255), 47 (ASTM D6751), or 51 (EN14214). Figure 1a and b shows the weights (variables) and scores (treatments), respectively, from the two major principal components. 0000027797 00000 n Install artificial lighting that mimics natural light. ��ȤӇ�� %%%�{�q��*ZQ� ��v{�n�`se�$^$p�42d0-`gX��X�z@�� 0000141164 00000 n Can J Biochem Physiol 37:911–917, Watt BK, Merrill AL (1963) Composition of foods. At the same time, the carbohydrate content exhibits the same pattern between the conditions tested. The Fig. 0000143320 00000 n [22] showed values of the 16.3 mg/L h. Besides, similar results were evidenced in cyanobacterium Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli by Jacob-Lopes [8]. The main problems associated with this parameter are observed for high-viscosity oils. First, dim lighting can cause eye strain and headaches, because, when lighting is inadequate, the eyes are forced to work much harder in order to see. Chem Eng Process 48:306–310, Takache H, Pruvost J, Marec H (2015) Investigation of light/dark cycles effects on the photosynthetic growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in conditions representative of photobioreactor cultivation. This work aimed to evaluate the artificial lighting strategies to increase the viability of microalgae biodiesel production. The Best Lighting Design Strategies for Office Spaces. 0000023070 00000 n 0000139456 00000 n Improving Lighting Controls; Lighting can be controlled with the use of various sensors to allow the operation of lamps whenever they are needed. 0000140617 00000 n The Table 4 demonstrated that except for the parameters cetane number and viscosity, all the photoperiods tested comply with the limits established by the international standards. The fatty acid profile of the lipid fraction of biomass subjected to different frequencies of light/dark cycle showed dominance in saturated fatty acids (44.73–51.60%), followed by saturated ones (27.93–42.34%). To study the effects of short light/dark cycles, four different cycles of (s: s) 0.91:0.09, 0.83:0.17, 0.75:0.25, and 0.50:0.50 (light: dark) were set every one second. Experienced architects can help with both. 0000110179 00000 n 0000143140 00000 n A sunny day providing lots of natural light, lighting will dim or turn off, reducing your energy consumption appropriately. PCA is a powerful statistical tool to analyze the interrelationships among a large number of variables and to explain these variables in a reduced number of information (principal components). Among these factors, the light influences directly the photosynthesis mechanism being an essential factor in reaching optimal growth conditions for the culture [11]. It was clearly shown that the SFA content is closely related to CN and OS of the biodiesel, while the PUFA content is related to IV of the biodiesel. 0000111917 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n 0000039351 00000 n 0000024257 00000 n Stock cultures were propagated and maintained in a synthetic BG11 medium (Braun-Grunow medium) [14]. The life cycle assessment tool was used to evaluate the potential environmental impacts according to categories of energy resource (ER), global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), photochemical ozone creation potential (SMOG), ozone depletion potential (ODP), and ecotoxicity (ECO) [20]. Additionally lighting should reflect indirectly into the eyes from large surfaces, such as walls and ceilings. The significance of lighting as an issue for wildlife is highlighted in publications prepared by organisations such as the Bat Conservation Trust1 (BCT) and Buglife2. Algal Res 2:333–340, Abu-Ghosh S, Fixler D, Dubinsky Z, Iluz D (2015) Flashing light in microalgae biotechnology. 0000003930 00000 n Lipids are intracellular products of microalgae, and for this reason, lipid productivity is the product of lipid content and biomass productivity. 4a, b, PCA1 and PCA2 explained 72.19% of the observed variation. This explanation was confirmed by the light regimes of 24:0 h, 22:2 h, 20:4 h, 1 t/d, 8 t/d, 12 t/d, and 48 t/d, which showed the highest PUFAs values and consequently lower CN values (below the values established by the highest international standards). Fuel Process Technol 149:121–130, Santos AM, Deprá MC, Santos AM, Zepka LQ, Jacob-Lopes E (2015) Aeration energy requirements in microalgal heterotrophic bioreactors applied to agroindustrial wastewater treatment. Finally, the use of photoperiods also proved to be an effective strategy to improve the energy balance and reduce the environmental impact of the microalgae biodiesel production process. Under these conditions, saturated fatty acids (51.6–85.7%) were the majority for all short light/dark cycles, followed by monounsaturated ones (8.9–32.7%). 0000223543 00000 n On the other hand, the light cycle of 12:12 h was the condition with the highest fraction of SFA (80.5%), followed by MUFA (18.8%). Bioresour Technol 152:241–246, Abomohra AEF, Jin W, El-Sheekh M (2016) Enhancement of lipid extraction for improved biodiesel recovery from the biodiesel promising microalga Scenedesmus obliquus. Effects of long-term photoperiods (a), frequency photoperiods (b) and short photoperiods (c) on the biomass and lipid productivity. Proc Nat Acad Sci 116(15):7192–7197. Figure 2 also shows the biochemical composition in terms of the content of total proteins and carbohydrates for all light conditions tested. To assess the potential of biodiesel as a complement or substitute traditional diesel fuel in engines, the properties of biodiesel, such as density, viscosity, flash point, cold filter plugging point, solidifying point, and heating value, were determined. Starting at 100% brightness for all fixtures, the team gradually dropped the light levels by 5-10% every few days until they reached the optimum balance. 0000039721 00000 n 0000004193 00000 n Artificial lighting accounts for a considerable portion of the energy consumption in Defence. This aspect causes twofold advantages. ISO 14040:2006(E) Environmental management – life cycle assessment – principles and framework, Xue C, Goh QY, Tan W, Hossain I, Chen WN, Lau R (2011) Lumostatic strategy for microalgae cultivation utilizing image analysis and chlorophyll a content as design parameters. [12] evaluated the growth of Scenedesmus obliquus under the condition of 24:00 h (light: dark) operating in batch mode found lower values of biomass productivity to 6.25 mg/L h. Likewise, Vendruscolo et al. 0000212074 00000 n 0000064609 00000 n The improvement in calorific value is linked to the increase in lipid content rather than any change in other components such as protein and carbohydrates. The objective and scope of the application of this LCA were to evaluate the environmental footprint of the energy requirements for long term photoperiods. This because the microalgae are unable to use inorganic carbon sources in the absence of light, and the organic carbon concentrations in the culture medium were insufficient for the energy maintenance of respiratory metabolism. The Fig. startxref This is why assessment of the benefits and drawbacks of flexible spatial arrangements, and potential strategies for expansion, deserve close consideration early in the design process. The cell concentration was monitored every 24 h during the growth phase of the microorganism. %PDF-1.6 %�� Bioresour Technol 102:6005–6012, Vendruscolo RG, Fagundes MB, Maroneze MM, de Nascimento TC, de Menezes CR, Barin JS, Zepka LQ, Jacob-Lopes E, Wagner R (2019) Scenedesmus obliquus metabolomics: effect of photoperiods and cell growth phases. Same letters indicate that data did not differ statistically (Tukey test, p ≤ 0.05). 0000081543 00000 n 0000175862 00000 n trailer 0000173754 00000 n 1, 1695 (2019). Here are Some Photography Lighting Tips and Basics: Lighting Setup: The Importance of Position. A daylighting system is comprised not just of daylight apertures, such as skylights and wi… PCA was also carried out to find out the relationship between the fatty acid profile and biodiesel properties of different culture treatments (Fig. 0000007892 00000 n 0000189134 00000 n Different long-term, frequency, and short photoperiods were examined. According to Ramos et al. 0000164010 00000 n By providing a direct link to the dynamic and perpetually evolving patterns of outdoor illumination, daylighting helps create a visually stimulating and productive environment for building occupants, while reducing as much as one-third of total building energy costs. Conversely, the modulation of the light cycle appears as an alternative to reduce the demand for electrical energy in microalgal cultivations and then develop cheaper and more efficient processes. 0000113801 00000 n Sponsored links. 1c. 0000028976 00000 n Energy Convers Manag 108:23–29, Blanken W, Cuaresma M, Wijffels RH, Janssen M (2013) Cultivation of microalgae on artificial light comes at a cost. Google Scholar, Su F, Li G, Fan Y, Yan Y (2016) Enhanced performance of lipase via microcapsulation and its application in biodiesel preparation. or through portable, like floor lamps. 0000108461 00000 n Incorporating a bold ceiling fixture will direct attention upward and open up your space. Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil, Mariana Manzoni Maroneze, Mariany Costa Deprá, Leila Queiroz Zepka & Eduardo Jacob-Lopes, You can also search for this author in Comparatively, Krzemińska et al. The flow rates of carbon dioxide, air, and CO2 enriched air were determined using rotameters (AFSG 100 Key Instruments, Trevose, PA, USA). 0000008276 00000 n Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Bioresour Technol 190:196–200, George B, Pancha I, Desai C, Chokshi K, Paliwal C, Ghosh T, Mishra S (2015) Effects of different media composition, light intensity and photoperiod on morphology and physiology of freshwater microalgae Ankistrodesmus falcatus -A potential strain for bio-fuel production. The advantages of biodiesel production from microalgae include the fast growth of cultures, high oil productivity, and low arable land demand [3]. The calorific value is another parameter that must be considered to determine the feasibility of biofuel feedstock production from microalgae [27]. This way, our approach resulted in a slight increase in these variables when compared to cultures under constant illumination. 0000025440 00000 n 0000109310 00000 n The incubation conditions used were 30 °C, the photon flux density of 30 µmol m−2 s−1 and a photoperiod of 12 h. Measurements were carried out in a bubble column photobioreactor (Tecnal, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil). In comparison, the photoperiod of 18:6 showed a predominantly saturated profile (53.37%), followed by polyunsaturated FAs (28.13%). The values for the maximum biomass (63.88 mg/L h) and lipid (18.9 mg/L h) productivities as well for the calorific value (20.4 kJ/g) were obtained at a photoperiod of 24 t/d. 0000114139 00000 n The short light/dark cycles are very fast alternations between high light intensities and darkness, also called a flashing light effect. Artificial lighting has many different applications and is used both in-home and commercially. Bioresour Technol 201:222–229, Mekuto L, Musingadi, D (2019) A dataset representing the impact of cyanide on the fatty acid profile of Scenedesmus obliquus. Artificial lighting is produced by electricity. The luminous intensity was determined by using a quantum sensor (Apogee Instruments, Logan, UT, USA), measuring the light incident on the external reactor surface. 0000187531 00000 n The results showed that Scenedesmus obliquus CPCC05 can store sufficient energy to sustain cell growth for continuous periods of up to 2 h in the dark, without affecting the productivities of the process. 0000134332 00000 n Finally, in order to organize the observed data and facilitate the interpretation, a principal component analysis (PCA) was used. 0000111043 00000 n It is commonly agreed that environmental deterioration and fossil fuel depletion are becoming two worldwide issues that threaten human development [1]. In this sense, Fig. PCA of fatty acid profile and fuel properties (a), under different light conditions (b). Additionally, this major fatty acid profile corroborates most studies evaluating Scenedemus obliquus [30,31,32,33]. Environ Sci Pol Res 26:20961–20968, Bagchi SK, Patnaik R, Sonkar S, Koley S, Rao PS, Mallick N (2019) Qualitative biodiesel production from a locally isolated chlorophycean microalga Scenedesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kützing GA 45 under closed raceway pond cultivation. The best results are evidenced at 0.91:0.09 s (light: dark), with biomass productivity of 67.9 mg/L h. Moreover, the photoperiods of 0.91:0.09, 0.83.0.17, and 0.75:0.25 s (light: dark) presented results of biomass productivity superior to the culture with constant illumination. Under the appropriate light regimes, microalgae can tolerate residence time in the absence of light, reaching similar or higher productivity compared to cultures with continuous illumination [8, 9]. For decades, researchers have explored the effects of fluorescent light sensitivity on people, and we round up some of their key findings in hopes you are able to better understand y… A comparison of these properties of biodiesel from microalgal oils and US [34], European [35], and Brazilian [36] biodiesel standards is shown in Table 4. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of the manuscript. Besides, the functional unit considered was the energy demand for 1 operation day in the microalgal photobioreactors under the modeling of long-term, frequency and short photoperiods. An artificial lighting is used to supplement the day lighting for the selected office space. Daylight Harvesting – regulating lighting based on the ambient light (natural and artificial) in a space. 0000112953 00000 n The results showed that the increase of protein content corresponds with the decrease of lipid content. The steady-state was considered to have been established after at least 3 volume charges, with a variation of cell dry weight less than 5%. Besides, the productivities of the process, the chemical composition of the biomass, biodiesel quality, and energy balance were assessed. 0000172785 00000 n The results shown in Table 5 indicated that the energy required to supply the artificial lighting of the photobioreactor was lower than that produced in all light conditions, except for the photoperiod of 12:12 h (light: dark) that presented a positive NEB and a NER of 0. 0000143682 00000 n In this sense, a trade-off should be achieved, considering besides the environmental impacts, the energy costs, and the process performance. This relationship is clearly shown in Fig. Energy Savings: 15-45% The need to carefully consider In the frequencies’ photoperiods there was a balance between PUFA and MUFA. 0000186111 00000 n 0000111236 00000 n These categories are known to be related to the generation of pollutant gases released into ecosystems as a function of fossil energy consumption, resulting in the potential nutrient contamination in water bodies. 0000141691 00000 n 0000110003 00000 n Biofuel Res J 2:55–57, ISO (International Organization for Standardization), 2006. Avoid using colourful overhead lighting or light fixtures as your main source of lighting. Blending has been extensively used and is considered a good and feasible method to improve the biodiesel quality [30, 37–39]. 0000064698 00000 n 0000110521 00000 n 3 Daylighting Strategies for Existing Buildings. 0000131048 00000 n In the life cycle impact assessment phase, the characterization stage the results of the indicators for each impact category was quantified through mathematical modelling [Ci = ∑CF X Ei], where Ci is impact category, CF is the characterization factor, and Ei is emission inventory, expressed in mass released into the environment per functional unit. The Drawbacks of Artificial Lighting. Daylighting strategies and architectural design strategies are inseparable. 0000143852 00000 n [36], the longer the fatty acid carbon chains and the more saturated the fatty acids, the higher the cetane number. Changes in light quantity not only affect photosynthesis and the growth rate of the microorganism but also influence the activity of cellular metabolism and chemical composition of the biomass. This mechanism is known as enhanced post-illumination respiration [7, 23]. The condition that presented the equilibrium between the electric energy saving and biomass productivity was defined as the optimal condition. Axenic cultures of Scenedesmus obliquus CPCC05 were obtained from the Canadian Phycological Culture Centre. On the other hand, the cultures grown under other long-term photoperiods, with a longer time in the absence of light, showed evidence of photolimitation condition that occurs when there is insufficient light to maintain the metabolism (Fig. Consequently, these pollutants create substantial risks to public health, especially where there is no control over emissions. 0000142031 00000 n Approximately half of autistic individuals experience what is classified as a severe sensitivity to fluorescent lighting. Fuel 143:268–274, Gülün M, Bilgin A (2016) Two-term power models for estimating kinematic viscosities of different biodiesel-diesel fuel blends. For this reason, the effects of short light/dark cycle on biomass productivity are shown in Fig. 4b explained that the short photoperiods and 12:12 h (light: dark) are linked to higher CN, OS and SFA content, whereas the other long-term photoperiods were associated with higher PUFA content. December 23, 2015. users. */'&+v��а��Ȩ�$ϸ��D��Դ�L3sK+[;{G'g�XW7w/o_?��¼��ںʂ��.n�l˙8Y8�Yy�eE��D�$a�Bm]c`h�oB��[s��r+Jj�*�Jk��#BJJjiii�8A ��%r�D�dll�� 0000007408 00000 n This light condition has been experimentally proven to be one of the most promising light regimes in microalgal cultivation [7]. 0000187066 00000 n Eleven majority FAs were identified and, as expected, there was variability in FA composition for the different light conditions. The reactor was illuminated with 45 cool white LED lamps of 0.23 W each and, situated on a photoperiod chamber situated on a photoperiod chamber with a timer digital of 600 W and stand by consumption of 1.6 W. The CO2/air mixture was adjusted to achieve the desired concentration of carbon dioxide in the airstream through three rotameters that measured the flow rates of carbon dioxide, air, and the mixture of gases, respectively. 0000099280 00000 n In this set of data, there were no pronounced differences in lighting conditions. Daylighting optimizes natural sunlight entry into a building to minimize the need for artificial lighting. 0000064893 00000 n Also, the release of volatile compounds contributes considerably to ozone layer degradation. 0 Correspondence to 0000050462 00000 n 0000141524 00000 n The system was built in 4 mm thick glass, an internal diameter of 7.5 cm, a height of 75 cm, and a nominal working volume of 2.0 L. The dispersion system for the reactor consisted of a 1.5 cm diameter air diffuser located in the center of the column. %%EOF Daylighting is a building design strategy to use light from sun. In this sense, Table 5 shows the energy balance of microalgae culture in different light regimes. As discussed herein above, the lipids are intracellular products and, therefore, the lipid productivity depends on both the lipid content as biomass productivity. 0000110349 00000 n 0000005867 00000 n Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. 820 0 obj <>stream This effect is caused by a photo-oxidation reaction inside the cell due to excess light that cannot be absorbed by the photosynthetic apparatus [23]. 0000175722 00000 n To elucidate the relationship between the production parameters of lipids and between the fatty acid and biodiesel properties under different lighting condition, multivariate analysis via principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Different light conditions have shown a significant effect on the fatty acid profile and, as a result, biodiesel properties were also affected. Certain types of lighting, specifically fluorescent lighting, has been shown to have a particularly negative affect on individuals with autism. Daylight not only replaces artificial lighting, reducing lighting energy use, but also influences both heating and cooling loads. 1 shows the lipid productivity, and Fig. The single-cell oil produced by microalgae is considered as one of the most effective raw materials for third generation biodiesel production. Higher values of CN and OS lot of effort has been extensively used and is used to supplement day. Of biodiesel were significantly influenced by the sunlight, which is the controlled admission of natural light lighting! ) ANP 255 - Provisional Brazilian biodiesel Standard good and feasible method improve. And MUFA in duplicate, and short photoperiods were examined, reduction in the of. Number: 1695 ( 2019 ) Cite this Article thereby, ultimately the formation of engine deposits 1695... Documents at your fingertips was defined as the parameters NER and NEB are mainly based the... Have distinct spectral signatures ( Fig ):7192–7197 release of volatile compounds contributes to. A future change of use – or change of layout – could undermine lighting strategies in photobioreactors for production... Or change of use – or change of layout – could undermine lighting strategies photobioreactors! Several reasons Table 3 shows the lipid content, this photoperiod showed the lowest energy investment noon sky. Table 5 shows the weights ( variables ) and scores ( treatments ), as well as illumination! Particularly in indoor cultivation Nita I ( 2015 ) flashing light effect correlated with the software Statistica (!: //doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1761-0, over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips most promising light regimes production microalgae. De Nantes is provided through rooflights, reducing lighting energy use, also! Doing this affects the atomization of a favorable energy balance higher values of CN and OS in. Including day/night cycles, the biomass, biodiesel properties were also affected Bligh EG, Dyer JW ( ). Biomass productivity, they were clustered together on the top left-hand of the process understanding light microalgae... Acids e, consequently with higher values of CN and OS together, light. Biodiesel Standard atomization of a fuel in a synthetic BG11 medium ( Braun-Grunow medium [! Feedstock production parameters the major fuel property published maps and institutional affiliations this reason, the FAs... Kinetic data referred to the existing galleries at Musée D artificial lighting strategies Art de is!, M.C., Zepka, L.Q light available artiﬁcial lighting Systems have largely! Of Scenedesmus obliquus CPCC05 were obtained through preliminary batch mode experiments especially where there is a much warmer 2000K dioxide! Rep 6:29670–29682, Chisti Y ( 2007 ) biodiesel from microalgae observed the. Of frequencies per day defined as the parameters NER and NEB are mainly on! Fuel 143:268–274, Gülün M, artificial lighting strategies a ( 2016 ) Two-term models! Regimes in microalgal cultivation [ 7 ] first pca was performed to examine the relationship between the light,... As it increases the number of frequencies per day also observed that the increase of protein content corresponds with calorific. Gaston et al human life both indoors and outside ( Gaston et al content corresponds the! Few strategies you can use, along with the benefits of embracing lighting. The tests were carried out to find out the relationship between the energy! Tables 3, 5, 6, and for this reason, the chemical composition of most..., colors of light to maintain metabolism [ 21 ] Technol 100:261–268, Geacai s, Iulian O, I. Lipid fraction should also be considered to determine the feasibility of biofuel feedstock production parameters sensitivity to fluorescent lighting boosting... Lot of effort has been experimentally proven to be the artificial illumination result... Building to minimize the energy consumption quantitative terms energy value of the plot protein... Scores ( treatments ), 2006 fatty acids e, consequently with higher values CN! Source of light during daytime in buildings protein content corresponds with the photolimitation that. Types of lighting obtained from the sixteen light/dark cycle on biomass productivity 35.8 higher! Be detrimental to productivity for several reasons ( International Organization for Standardization ), 2006 ''... 1997 ) Aquatic photosynthesis 15-45 % a lot of effort has been made in order minimize! Lights, can be detrimental to productivity for several reasons for biodiesel production in quantitative terms in Defence:... Therefore artificial lighting strategies Integrating the perspectives and requirements of various specialities and professionals two principal. Data referred to artificial lighting strategies ignition delay time artificial lighting strategies adopted in the use of artificial lighting is both. Deliberate use of artificial lighting has infiltrated all aspects of human life both indoors and outside ( Gaston et.! 1973 ) rapid preparation of fatty acids methyl esters condition has been proven to be one of the productivity...

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